Glossary
The EMN Glossary – as one of the key products of the EMN - improves comparability by enabling a common understanding and use of terms and definitions relating to asylum and migration. The Glossary draws on a variety of sources, but primarily on the legislation of the EU asylum and immigration acquis, and makes terms available in the majority of EU Member State languages.
The online version is regularly updated and available in various languages.
- BG: добре обоснован страх от преследване
- CZ: podložená obava z pronásledování
- DE: begründete Furcht vor Verfolgung
- EE: põhjendatud tagakiusamise kartus
- EN: well-founded fear of persecution
- ES: temor justificado de persecución
- FI: perusteltu vainon pelko
- FR: crainte fondée de persécution
- GA: faitíos roimh ghéarleanúint a bhfuil bunús / údar maith leis
- HU: üldöztetéstől való megalapozott félelem
- IT: giustificato timore di persecuzione
- LT: visiškai pagrįsta baimė būti persekiojamam
- LV: pamatotas bailes no vajāšanas
- MT: Biża’ ġustifikata ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: gegronde vrees voor vervolging
- NO: velbegrunnet frykt for forfølgelse (b) / velgrunna frykt for forfølging (n)
- PL: uzasadniona obawa przed prześladowaniem
- RO: teamă de persecuţie bine fondată
- SE: välgrundad fruktan för förföljelse
- SK: opodstatnená obava z prenasledovania
- SL: utemeljen strah pred preganjanjem
The fear of persecution experienced by an applicant for international protection that is considered both genuine and objectively justifiable (e.g. because the person concerned has already been subject to persecution or serious harm, or to direct threats of such persecution or such harm, and there is no good reason to consider that such persecution or serious harm will not be repeated).
2. The subjective element is satisfied if the applicant‘s fear of persecution is genuine. In the context of refugee status determination, fear has been defined as an apprehension or awareness of danger. General dissent or disagreement with a government or the desire for more personal freedom or an improved economic situation without anything more does not satify this element (see UNHCR guidelines on international protection on the UNHCR website).
3. The objective element is satisfied when the applicant has established that there is a reasonable possibility that they will actually suffer the feared persecution.
- BG: право на убежище (от гледна точка на търсещия закрила)
- CZ: právo na azyl
- DE: Recht auf Asyl
- EE: õigus varjupaika taotleda
- EN: right to asylum
- ES: derecho de asilo
- FI: oikeus turvapaikkaan, turvapaikkaoikeus
- FR: droit d’asile
- GA: ceart ar thearmann
- HU: menedékhez való jog
- IT: diritto all’asilo
- LT: teisė į prieglobstį
- LV: tiesības uz patvērumu
- MT: Dritt għall-ażil
- NL: recht op asiel
- NO: rett til beskyttelse (b) / rett til vern (n)
- PL: prawo do azylu
- RO: dreptul la azil
- SE: asylrätt
- SK: právo na azyl
- SL: pravica do azila
The right of a person to seek asylum, guaranteed with due respect by the rules of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol and in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
Refugees have no enforceable right in conventional international law to be granted asylum by a State. It is contested whether customary international law has embraced the individual right to asylum.
- BG: убежище
- CZ: azyl
- DE: Asyl
- EE: varjupaik
- EN: asylum
- ES: asilo
- FI: turvapaikka
- FR: asile
- GA: tearmann
- GR: άσυλο
- HU: menedékjog
- IT: asilo
- LT: prieglobstis
- LV: patvērums
- MT: Ażil
- NL: asiel
- NO: asyl
- PL: azyl
- PT: asilo
- RO: azil
- SE: asyl
- SK: azyl
- SL: azil
A form of protection given by a State on its territory, based on the principle of non-refoulement and internationally or nationally recognised refugee rights and which is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in their country of citizenship and / or residence, in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.
Developed by EMN
- BG: право на убежище (от гледна точка на държавата, предоставяща закрила)
- CZ: právo azylu
- DE: Recht, Asyl zu gewähren / Asylrecht (DE)
- EE: õigus varjupaigale
- EN: right of asylum
- ES: derecho de asilo
- FI: turvapaikkaoikeus
- FR: droit d’asile
- GA: ceart tearmainn
- GR: δικαίωμα ασύλου
- HU: menedékjog
- IT: diritto di asilo
- LT: prieglobsčio teisė
- LV: patvēruma tiesības
- MT: Dritt mogħti għall-ażil
- NL: asielrecht (syn.: recht van asiel)
- NO: rett til å gi beskyttelse / asyl (b) / rett til å gje vern / asyl (n)
- PL: prawo do udzielenia azylu
- PT: direito ao asilo
- RO: dreptul la azil
- SE: asylrätt
- SK: právo udeliť azyl
- SL: azilna pravica
The right of the State, in virtue of its territorial sovereignty and in the exercise of its discretion, to allow a non-national to enter and reside, and to resist the exercise of jurisdiction by any State over that individual.
2. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) uses a generic term, in two senses:
- the right to grant asylum (a State may grant asylum in its territory to any person at its own discretion) and
- the right to be granted asylum either vis-à-vis the State in whose territory asylum is requested, or vis‑à-vis the pursuing State.
- BG: търсещ убежище
- CZ: žadatel o azyl
- DE: Asylbewerber (EU acquis) / Asylwerber (AT)
- EE: varjupaigataotleja
- EN: asylum seeker
- ES: solicitante de asilo
- FI: turvapaikanhakija
- FR: demandeur d’asile
- GA: iarratasóir ar thearmann
- GR: αιτών άσυλο
- HU: menedékkérő
- IT: richiedente asilo
- LT: prieglobsčio prašytojas
- LV: patvēruma meklētājs
- MT: Applikant(a) għall-ażil
- NL: asielzoeker
- NO: asylsøker (b) / asylsøkjar (n)
- PL: osoba ubiegająca się o nadanie statusu uchodźcy (azyl)
- PT: requerente de asilo
- RO: solicitant de azil
- SE: asylsökande
- SK: žiadateľ o udelenie azylu / žiadateľ o azyl
- SL: prosilec za azil
In the EU context, a third-country national or stateless person who has made an application for protection under the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken.
2. Outside EU legislation, the terms ‘asylum seeker’ or ‘asylum applicant’ are often used more frequently than ‘applicant for international protection’ in the everyday use of the term.
- BG: изключваща клауза
- CZ: exkluzivní klauzule, vylučovací klauzule
- DE: Ausschlussklausel
- EE: välistav klausel
- EN: exclusion clause
- ES: cláusula de exclusión
- FI: poissulkemislauseke
- FR: clause d’exclusion
- GA: clásal eisiaimh
- GR: ρήτρες αποκλεισμού
- HU: kizáró klauzulák
- IT: clausola di esclusione
- LT: prašymo atmetimo pagrindai
- LV: izslēgšanas noteikums
- MT: Klawsola ta’ tbarrija / t’esklużjoni
- NL: uitsluitingsgronden
- NO: unntaksbestemmelse (b) / unntaksføresegn (n)
- PL: klauzula wykluczająca
- PT: cláusulas de exclusão
- RO: cauză de excludere
- SE: undantagsklausul
- SK: doložka o vylúčení / vylučovacia klauzula / vylučovacie ustanovenie
- SL: izključitvena klavzula
Specifically, any of the provisions of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, such as articles 1D, 1E and 1F, which mandatorily deny the benefits of refugee status to persons who already received UN or national protection, or to persons about whom there are good reasons to believe that they have committed a war crime, a crime against humanity, a serious non-political crime, or acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the UN (e.g. the persecution of others).
- BG: молба за убежище
- CZ: žádost o azyl
- DE: Asylantrag
- EE: varjupaigataotlus
- EN: application for asylum
- ES: solicitud de asilo
- FI: turvapaikkahakemus
- FR: demande d’asile
- GA: iarratas ar thearmann
- GR: αίτηση ασύλου
- HU: menedékjog iránti kérelem
- IT: domanda d’asilo
- LT: prašymas suteikti prieglobstį
- LV: patvēruma pieteikums
- MT: Talba / Applikazzjoni għall-ażil
- NL: asielverzoek (syn.: asielaanvraag)
- NO: asylsøknad
- PL: wniosek o azyl
- PT: pedido de asilo
- RO: cerere de azil
- SE: asylansökan
- SK: žiadosť o udelenie azylu / žiadosť o azyl
- SL: prošnja za azil
An application made by a foreigner or a stateless person which can be understood as a request for protection under the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol or national refugee law.
2. Outside EU legislation and in everyday use, the terms ‘asylum application’ and ‘application for asylum’ are often used more frequently than ‘application for international protection’.
3. According to Protocol 24 of TFEU on asylum for nationals of Member States of the European Union (1997), EU Member States shall be regarded as constituting safe countries of origin in respect of each other for all legal and practical purposes in relation to asylum matters. Accordingly, any application for asylum made by a national of an EU Member State is normally not taken into consideration. In practice, non-EU Member States can receive applications for asylum from EU Member States.
- BG: действие на преследване
- CZ: akt pronásledování
- DE: Verfolgungshandlung
- EE: tagakiusamisakt
- EN: act of persecution
- ES: actos de persecución
- FI: vainoksi katsottavat teot
- FR: actes de persécution
- GA: gníomh géarleanúna (iolra: gníomhartha géarleanúna)
- GR: πράξεις δίωξης
- HU: üldöz(tet)ésnek minősülő cselekmények
- IT: atti di persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimo veiksmas
- LV: vajāšanas darbība
- MT: Att ta’ persekuzzjoni
- NL: daden van vervolging
- NO: forfølgelseshandlinger (b) / forfølgingshandlingar (n)
- PL: prześladowanie
- PT: actos de perseguição
- RO: act de persecutie
- SE: förföljelse
- SK: čin prenasledovania / akt prenasledovania
- SL: dejanje preganjanja
In the EU context and within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, acts which are
(a) sufficiently serious by their nature or repetition as to constitute a severe violation of basic human rights, in particular the rights from which derogation cannot be made under Art. 15(2) of the European Convention on Human Rights; or
(b) an accumulation of various measures, including violation of human rights which is sufficiently severe as to affect an individual in a similar manner as mentioned in (a).
a) acts of physical or mental violence, including acts of sexual violence;
b) legal, administrative, police, and/or judicial measures which are in themselves discriminatory or which are implemented in a discriminatory manner;
c) prosecution or punishment which is disproportionate or discriminatory;
d) denial of judicial redress resulting in a disproportionate or discriminatory punishment;
e) prosecution or punishment for refusal to perform military service in a conflict, where performing military service would include crimes or acts falling within the scope of the grounds for exclusion as set out in Art. 12(2);
(f) acts of a gender-specific or child-specific nature.
- BG: основания за преследване, посочени в Конвенцията за статута на бежанците
- CZ: důvody pro udělení azylu dle Ženevské úmluvy
- DE: Verfolgungsgründe (nach) der Genfer Konvention, Konventionsgründe
- EE: Genfi konventsioonis sätestatud tagakiusamise alused
- EN: Convention grounds for persecution
- ES: motivos de persecución Convenio de Ginebra de 1951 y Protocolo de 1967
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukaiset vainon perusteet
- FR: motifs de persécution au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: forais ghéarleanúna de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: λόγους δίωξης
- IT: cause di persecuzione ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: persekiojimo pagrindai pagal Konvenciją
- LV: Ženēvas konvencijas noteiktie vajāšanas pamati
- MT: Motivi għall-persekuzzjoni skont il-Konvenzjoni
- NL: gronden voor vervolging in de zin van het Vluchtelingenverdrag
- NO: konvensjonsgrunnene for forfølgelse (b) / konvensjonsgrunnane for forfølging (n)
- RO: motive de persecutie stabilite de Conventia de la Geneva din 1951
- SE: konventionsgrunder för förföljelse
- SK: dôvody prenasledovania podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski razlogi za preganjanje / razlogi za preganjanje po Ženevski konvenciji iz 1951
2. The following definitions come into play when States attempt to determine who is and who is not a refugee :
- race is used in its broadest sense and includes ethnic and social groups of common descent;
- religion also has meaning, including identification with a group that tends to share common traditions or beliefs, as well as the active practice of religion;
- nationality includes an individual’s citizenship. Persecution of ethnic, linguistic and cultural groups within a population also may be termed persecution based on nationality;
- a particular social group refers to people who share a similar background, habits or social status. This category often overlaps with persecution based on one of the other four grounds. It has applied to families of capitalists, landowners, homosexuals, entrepreneurs and former members of the military;
- political opinion refers to ideas not tolerated by the authorities, including opinions critical of government policies and methods. It includes opinions attributed to individuals even if the individual does not in fact hold that opinion. Individuals who conceal their political opinions until after they have fled their countries may qualify for refugee status if they can show that their views are likely to subject them to persecution if they return home.
- BG: преследване
- CZ: pronásledování
- DE: Verfolgung
- EE: tagakiusamine
- EN: persecution
- ES: persecución
- FI: vaino
- FR: persécution
- GA: géarleanúint
- GR: δίωξη
- HU: üldöz(tet)és
- IT: persecuzione
- LT: persekiojimas
- LV: vajāšana
- MT: Persekuzzjoni
- NL: vervolging
- NO: forfølgelse (b) / forfølging (n)
- PL: prześladowanie
- PT: perseguição
- RO: persecuţie
- SE: förföljelse
- SK: prenasledovanie
- SL: preganjanje
Human rights abuses or other serious harm, often, but not always, with a systematic or repetitive element.
The core concept of persecution was deliberately not defined in the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, to suggesting that the drafters intended it to be interpreted in a sufficiently flexible manner so as to encompass ever-changing forms of persecution.
- BG: разселено лице
- CZ: vysídlená osoba
- DE: Vertriebener
- EE: ümberasustatud isik
- EN: displaced person
- ES: población desplazada
- FI: siirtymään joutunut henkilö
- FR: personne déplacée
- GA: duine easáitithe
- GR: εκτοπισμένο πρόσωπο
- HU: lakóhelyét elhagyni kényszerült személy
- IT: sfollato
- LT: perkeltasis asmuo
- LV: pārvietota persona
- MT: Persuna sfollata // maqlugħa minn darha // li kellha tħalli darha
- NL: ontheemde
- NO: fordrevet person (b) / fordriven person (n)
- PL: osoba przesiedlona
- PT: deslocado
- RO: persoană strămutată
- SE: fördriven person
- SK: vysídlená osoba / vysídlenec (EU acquis) / odídenec (national law)
- SL: razseljena oseba
(i) a person who has fled areas of armed conflict or endemic violence;
(ii) a person at serious risk of, or who has been the victim of, systematic or generalised violations of their human rights.
- BG: преместване/ релокация
- CZ: relokace
- DE: Umverteilung
- EE: ümberasustamine
- EN: relocation
- ES: reubicación
- FI: sisäinen siirto
- FR: relocalisation
- GA: athlonnú
- HU: áthelyezés (relokáció)
- IT: ricollocazione
- LT: perkėlimas
- LV: pārvietošana
- MT: Rilokazzjoni
- NL: aanleg tot afwijzing van een verzoek om internationale
- NO: relokalisering
- PL: relokacja
- PT: recolocação
- RO: relocare
- SE: omplacering
- SK: premiestnenie (EU acquis) / relokácia
- SL: preselitev
- BG: бежанско право
- CZ: uprchlické právo
- DE: Flüchtlingsrecht
- EE: varjupaigaõigus
- EN: refugee law
- ES: legislación de asilo
- FI: pakolaisoikeus
- FR: droit des réfugiés
- GA: dlíthe um dhídeanaithe
- GR: προσφυγικό Δίκαιο
- HU: menekültjog
- IT: legislazione sull’asilo
- LT: pabėgėlių teisė
- LV: [starptautiskās] bēgļu tiesības
- MT: Liġi / Att dwar ir-rifuġjati
- NL: vluchtelingenrecht
- NO: flyktningrett
- PL: prawo uchodźcze
- PT: legislação de asilo
- RO: legislaţia cu privire la refugiaţi
- SE: flyktingrätt
- SK: utečenecké právo
- SL: begunsko pravo
The body of customary international and European Union (EU) law and instruments that establish standards for refugee protection.
- BG: no translation
- CZ: uprchlík
- DE: statutärer Flüchtling
- EE: statuudipagulane
- EN: statutory refugee
- ES: refugiado bajo instrumentos anteriores a la Convención de 1951
- FI: pakolaisaseman saanut henkilö / sääntömääräinen pakolainen
- FR: réfugié statutaire
- GA: dídeanaí de réir reachta
- GR: πρόσφυγας σύμφωνα με το νόμο
- HU: történelmi menekült
- IT: rifugiato titolare dello status prima della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951
- LT: pabėgėlis pagal susitarimus
- LV: [Ženēvas konvencijas] statūtbēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) statutarju(-a)
- NL: erkende vluchteling (syn.: verdragsvluchteling)
- NO: statuttflyktning
- PL: uchodźca statutowy
- PT: refugiados estatutários
- RO: refugiat statutar
- SE: konventionsflykting
- SK: štatutárny utečenec
- SL: statusni begunec
Person considered to be a refugee (according to the criteria of Art. 1A(I) of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol) under the provision of the international instruments preceding the Geneva Convention of 1951 or a person who has been recognised as a refugee by the former International Refugee Organisation during the period of its activities.
2. This type of status is normally no longer granted, although the term is still used by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in its activities.
- BG: бежанец по мандата на Върховния комисар на ООН за бежанците (ВКБООН)
- CZ: mandatorní uprchlík
- DE: Mandatsflüchtling
- EE: mandaadipagulane
- EN: mandate refugee
- ES: refugiado (bajo mandato)
- FI: mandaattipakolainen
- FR: réfugié relevant du mandat du HCR
- GA: dídeanaí de réir sainordú
- GR: πρόσφυγας εντολής
- HU: mandátumos menekült
- IT: rifugiato ex Mandato
- LT: pabėgėlis pagal mandatą
- LV: UNHCR mandāta bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) b’digriet / b’mandat
- NL: mandaatvluchteling
- NO: overføringsflyktning
- PL: uchodźca mandatowy
- PT: refugiados (Mandato)
- RO: refugiat sub mandat UNHCR
- SE: vertimo nėra
- SK: mandátny utečenec
- SL: mandatni begunec
A person who meets the criteria of the UNHCR Statute and qualifies for the protection of the UN provided by the High Commissioner for Refugees, regardless of whether or not they are in a country that is a party to the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, or whether or not they have been recognised by the host country as a refugee under either of these instruments.
- BG: бежанец съгласно Конвенцията за статута на бежанците от 1951 г.
- CZ: azylant
- DE: Konventionsflüchtling
- EE: konventsioonipagulane
- EN: Convention refugee
- ES: refugiado (en términos de la Convención de Ginebra)
- FI: Geneven yleissopimuksen mukainen pakolainen
- FR: réfugié au sens de la Convention de Genève
- GA: dídeanaí de réir Choinbhinsiún na Ginéive
- GR: πρόσφυγας (σύμφωνα με την συνθήκη της Γενέυης)
- HU: konvenciós menekült
- IT: rifugiato ex Convenzione di Ginevra
- LT: pabėgėlis pagal Konvenciją
- LV: bēglis Ženēvas konvencijas izpratnē
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) skont il-Konvenzjoni ta’ Ġinevra
- NL: verdragsvluchteling
- NO: konvensjonsflyktning
- PL: uchodźca konwencyjny
- PT: refugiado (na acepção da Convenção de Genebra de 1951 relativa aos refugiados)
- RO: refugiat în baza convenţiei de la Geneva
- SE: konventionsflykting
- SK: utečenec podľa Ženevského dohovoru
- SL: konvencijski begunec /begunec po Ženevski konvenciji
Person recognized as a refugee by States under the criteria in Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, and entitled to the enjoyment of a variety of rights under that Convention.
- BG: бежанец
- CZ: uprchlík
- DE: Flüchtling
- EE: pagulane
- EN: refugee
- ES: refugiado
- FI: pakolainen
- FR: réfugié
- GA: dídeanaí
- GR: πρόσφυγας
- HU: menekült
- IT: rifugiato
- LT: pabėgėlis
- LV: bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a)
- NL: vluchteling
- NO: flyktning
- PL: uchodźca
- PT: refugiado
- RO: refugiat
- SE: flykting
- SK: utečenec (international law, EU acquis) / azylant (national law)
- SL: begunec
In the EU context, either a third-country national who, owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, is outside the country of nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country, or a stateless person, who, being outside of the country of former habitual residence for the same reasons as mentioned above, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it, and to whom Art. 12 (Exclusion) of Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) does not apply.
- BG: изтезания
- CZ: mučení
- DE: Folter
- EE: piinamine
- EN: torture
- ES: tortura
- FI: kidutus
- FR: torture
- GA: céasadh
- HU: kínzás
- IT: tortura
- LT: kankinimas
- LV: spīdzināšana
- MT: Tortura
- NL: foltering
- NO: tortur
- PL: tortury
- RO: tortură
- SE: tortyr
- SK: mučenie
- SL: mučenje
In the context of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, deliberate inhuman treatment causing very serious and cruel suffering.
2.The right to freedom from torture is enshrined in many international treaties, most notably the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the UN Convention against Torture (UNCAT). The acceptance that torture is forbidden under any circumstances, including war, public emergency or terrorist threat, indicates that universally it is considered as a fundamental principle of customary international law. This means that even States that have not ratified any of the international treaties explicitly prohibiting torture are banned from using it against anyone, anywhere, under any circumstances.
3. Regional conventions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights (Art. 3) and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Art. 4), also recognise torture as a prohibited act.
4. Both the UNCAT and the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol expressly prohibit the forced return of an asylum seeker to a country where they may be at risk of torture.
5. In the EU, Art. 21 of Directive 2013/33/EU (Recast Receptions Conditions Directive) explicitly considers the situation of vulnerable asylum seekers with special needs, including victims of torture. EU Member States are obliged to identify victims of torture within the asylum procedure and to assess whether they have special reception needs, including the need to access appropriate medical and psychological treatment or care.
- BG: Върховен комисар на ООН за бежанците
- CZ: Vysoký komisař OSN pro uprchlíky
- DE: Hoher Flüchtlingskommissar der Vereinten Nationen
- EE: ÜRO pagulaste ülemvolinik
- EN: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- ES: Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados
- FI: Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien pakolaisasiain päävaltuutettu
- FR: Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés
- GA: Ard-Choimisinéir na Náisiún Aontaithe do Dhídeanaithe
- HU: Az Egyesült Nemzetek Menekültügyi Főbiztosa
- IT: Alto Commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i Rifugiati
- LT: Jungtinių Tautų vyriausiasis pabėgėlių reikalų komisaras
- LV: Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas Augstais komisārs bēgļu lietās
- MT: Kummissjoni (Il-) Għolja għar-Rifuġjati tan‑Nazzjonijiet Uniti
- NL: Hoog Commissariaat der Verenigde Naties voor Vluchtelingen
- NO: FNs høykommissær for flyktninger (b) / FNs høgkommissær for flyktningar (n)
- PL: Wysoki Komisarz Narodów Zjednoczonych do Spraw Uchodżców
- RO: Înaltul Comisariat al Naţiunilor Unite pentru Refugiaţi / Înatul Comisariat ONU pentru Refugiaţi
- SE: FN:s flyktingorgan
- SK: Úrad Vysokého komisára OSN pre utečencov
- SL: Visoki komisariat Združenih narodov za begunce
The refugee agency of the United Nations (UN) mandated to lead and coordinate international action to protect refugees and resolve refugee problems worldwide, and to safeguard the rights and well-being of refugees.
2. The Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is the basic statute guiding the UNHCR’s work. The functions of the UNHCR are defined in the Statute of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, which was adopted by the General Assembly on 14 December 1950.
3. For further information, see the website of the UNHCR.
- BG: разселено лице по екологични причини
- CZ: enviromentální uprchlík
- DE: Umweltvertriebener
- EE: keskkonnapõhjustel ümberasustatud isik
- EN: environmentally displaced person
- ES: población desplazada por motivos medioambientales
- FI: ympäristötekijöiden vuoksi siirtymään joutunut
- FR: personne déplacée pour des raisons environnementales
- GA: duine easáitithe de dheasca dálaí comhshaoil
- GR: εσωτερικώς εκτοπισμένο άτομο (για περιβαλλοντικούς λόγους)
- HU: lakóhelyét környezeti okból elhagyni kényszerült személy
- IT: sfollato per motivi ambientali
- LT: dėl ekologinių priežasčių perkeltas asmuo
- LV: vides faktoru ietekmē pārvietota persona
- MT: Persuna sfollata għal raġunijiet ambjentali
- NL: door milieufactoren verdreven ontheemde (not commonly used in NL)
- NO: person fordrevet på grunn av miljøskader (b) / person fordriven på grunn av miljøskadar (n)
- PL: osoba przesiedlona z powodu środowiska naturalnego
- PT: deslocado ambiental
- RO: persoană strămutată din cauze legate de mediul înconjurător
- SE: fördriven person (på grund av miljökatastrof)
- SK: osoba vysídlená z environmentálnych dôvodov
- SL: okoljsko razseljena oseba
A person subject to forced migration as a result of sudden, drastic environmental changes.
Environmentally displaced persons are sometimes referred to as environmental refugees, but this is a misuse of the term 'refugee' as they are not refugees in the strict sense of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol, although their migration is forced.
- BG: Обща европейска система за убежище
- CZ: Společný evropský azylový systém
- DE: Gemeinsames Europäisches Asylsystem
- EE: ühtne Euroopa varjupaigasüsteem
- EN: Common European Asylum System
- ES: Sistema Europeo Común de Asilo
- FI: Euroopan yhteinen turvapaikkajärjestelmä
- FR: régime d’asile européen commun
- GA: Comhchóras Tearmainn Eorpach
- GR: Κοινό Ευρωπαϊκό Σύστημα Ασύλου
- HU: Közös Európai Menekültügyi Rendszer
- IT: Sistema europeo comune di asilo
- LT: bendra Europos prieglobsčio sistema
- LV: Kopējā Eiropas patvēruma sistēma
- MT: Sistema Ewropea Komuni għall-Ażil
- NL: Gemeenschappelijk Europees Asielstelsel
- NO: Det felles europeiske asylsystemet
- PL: Wspólny Europejski System Azylowy
- PT: Sistema Europeu Comum de Asilo
- RO: Sistemul European Comun de Azil
- SE: gemensamt europeiskt asylsystem
- SK: Spoločný európsky azylový systém
- SL: Skupni evropski azilni sistem
A framework of agreed rules which establish common procedures for international protection and a uniform status for those who are granted refugee status or subsidiary protection based on the full and inclusive application of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol and which aims to ensure fair and humane treatment of applicants for international protection, to harmonise asylum systems in the EU and reduce the differences between Member States on the basis of binding legislation, as well as to strengthen practical cooperation between national asylum administrations and the external dimension of asylum.
(a) a uniform status of asylum for nationals of third countries, valid throughout the European Union;
(b) a uniform status of subsidiary protection for nationals of third countries who, without obtaining European asylum, are in need of international protection;
(c) a common system of temporary protection for displaced persons in the event of a massive inflow;
(d) common procedures for the granting and withdrawing of uniform asylum or subsidiary protection status;
(e) criteria and mechanisms for determining which Member State is responsible for considering an application for asylum or subsidiary protection;
(f) standards concerning the conditions for the reception of applicants for asylum or subsidiary protection;
(g) partnership and cooperation with third countries for the purpose of managing inflows of people applying for asylum or subsidiary or temporary protection.
- BG: групово преследване
- CZ: vertimo nėra
- DE: Gruppenverfolgung
- EE: grupi tagakiusamine
- EN: group persecution
- ES: vertimo nėra
- FI: ryhmään kohdistuva vaino
- FR: persécution à l’encontre d’un groupe
- GA: géarleanúint grúpa
- GR: Δίωξη (ομάδα)
- HU: vertimo nėra
- IT: persecuzione di gruppo
- LT: asmenų grupės persekiojimas
- LV: grupas vajāšana
- MT: Persekuzzjoni ta’ grupp(-i) ta’ nies
- NL: groepsvervolging
- NO: forfølgelse av en gruppes medlemmer (b) / forfølging av medlemmene av ei gruppe (n)
- PL: grupowe prześladowanie
- PT: grupo alvo de perseguição
- RO: persecuţie de grup
- SE: förföljelse av en grupp
- SK: prenasledovanie skupiny
- SL: skupinsko preganjanje
A concept
2. With consideration to the general principle of subsidiarity in refugee law, group persecution will only entitle a refugee to protection abroad, if the danger is present in the entire territory of the country of origin, i.e. if there is no internal alternative for protection. For the purposes of the danger of persecution after return, such an internal flight alternative must be reasonable and accessible from the country of refuge.
3. For more information on group persecution, see the European Database of Asylum Law (EDAL) , i.e. German Federal Administrative Court, ruling of 12 April 2009 – 10 C 11.08.
- BG: сигурна трета страна
- CZ: bezpečná třetí země
- DE: sicherer Drittstaat
- EE: turvaline kolmas riik
- EN: safe third country
- ES: tercer país seguro
- FI: turvallinen kolmas maa
- FR: pays tiers sûr
- GA: tríú tír atá sábháilte
- GR: ασφαλής τρίτη χώρα
- HU: biztonságos harmadik ország
- IT: paese terzo sicuro
- LT: saugi trečioji šalis
- LV: droša trešā valsts
- MT: Pajjiż terz sigur / bla perikli
- NL: veilig derde land
- NO: trygt tredjeland
- PL: bezpieczny kraj trzeci
- PT: país terceiro seguro
- RO: ţară / stat terţ(ă) sigură
- SE: säkert tredjeland
- SK: bezpečná tretia krajina
- SL: varna tretja država
(a) life and liberty are not threatened on account of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion;
(b) there is no risk of serious harm as defined in Directive 2011/95/EU (Recast Qualification Directive) ;
(c) the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol is respected;
(d) the prohibition of removal, in violation of the right to freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment as laid down in international law, is respected; and
(e) the possibility exists to request refugee status and, if found to be a refugee, to receive protection in accordance with the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol.
- BG: vertimo nėra
- CZ: poživatel doplňkové ochrany
- DE: De-facto-Flüchtling
- EE: de facto pagulane
- EN: de facto refugee
- ES: refugiado de facto
- FI: tosiasiallinen pakolainen / de facto -pakolainen
- FR: réfugié de facto
- GA: dídeanaí de facto
- GR: de facto πρόσφυγας
- HU: de facto menekült
- IT: rifugiato de facto
- LT: de facto pabėgėlis
- LV: de facto bēglis
- MT: Rifuġjat(a) de facto
- NL: de facto vluchteling
- NO: de facto-flyktning
- PL: uchodźca de facto
- PT: refugiado de facto
- RO: refugiat de facto
- SE: de facto-flykting
- SK: utečenec de facto
- SL: de facto begunec
Person not recognised as a refugee (within the meaning of Art. 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention and Protocol) and who is unable or, for reasons recognised as valid, unwilling to return to their country of origin or country of nationality or, if they have no nationality, to the country of their habitual residence.
2. In DE, this refers to a person who has not applied for asylum or whose asylum application has been rejected, but whose removal has been suspended due to concrete danger of life, body or freedom. For example, a person’s stay will be tolerated in DE on grounds of humanitarian law.